Mitochondrial & Energy

A core longevity target with a heavily commercialized supplement ecosystem. The Most Commercially Weaponized. The Man Promoting NMN Has Financial Ties to NMN. The Man Criticizing Him Has Financial Ties to NR. The Clinical Evidence Is Real and More Modest Than Either Side Tells You.

The Compound That Raises NAD+ By Stopping the Body From Destroying It. NNMT: The Enzyme That Wastes Nicotinamide. Fat Loss Without Food Restriction in Mice. The Neelakantan Group's Research Tool Repurposed as a Longevity Drug. Zero Human Trials. 100 mg/Day Community Dose Extrapolated From Mouse IP Injections. The 1-MNA Question: The Metabolite You're Blocking Has Protective Roles in Liver and Kidney. A 2025 Cell/TPS Review Calls for Clinical Translation. Clinics Already Prescribing It Without FDA Ruling on Safety.

Engineered EPO-derived tissue-protective peptide that activates innate repair signaling without erythropoietic red-blood-cell stimulation. Human neuropathy data exist; WADA bans it under EPO-related peptide/mimetic rules; the original developer no longer exists.

Oral small-molecule pan-AMPK activator and mitochondrial uncoupler in active Phase 1b/2 clinical development. Formerly O-304, now ATX-304 under Amplifier Therapeutics / Cambrian Bio. Phase 2a human data show fasting glucose reduction in type 2 diabetes; obesity and cardiometabolic outcomes remain investigational.

The Mitochondrial Uncoupler That Doesn't Kill You. DNP Kills People in 2026. BAM15 Was Designed to Solve That. Fat Loss Without Hyperthermia. Without Reduced Food Intake. Without Lean Mass Loss. Without Toxicity Markers. In Mice. Nature Communications 2020. Zero Human Trials. The Most Mechanistically Elegant Fat Loss Compound in this reference — and the Most Preclinical.

GlaxoSmithKline Halted Their Own Drug in 2007 Because It Caused Cancer in Every Animal Species They Tested. The Community Is Still Using It. The Drug Worked. That Is the Entire Problem.

Found in Surviving Brain Cells of an Alzheimer's Patient. Encoded in Mitochondrial DNA. Higher in Centenarians' Children. Inversely Correlated With IGF-1. The GH Axis the Community Raises for Anti-Aging Suppresses It.

The Drug That Reversed Brain Aging in Mice. Discovered by Phenotypic Screen. Target Unknown for 7 Years. ATP Synthase: The Unexpected Bridge Between Alzheimer's and Aging. BDNF Induction. AMPK/mTOR via a Completely Novel Entry Point. Phase 1 Human Safety Trial Completed (NCT03838185). The Compound That Is Structurally Related to Curcumin But Pharmacologically Nothing Like It.

Amino-acid-derived quaternary ammonium compound involved in mitochondrial fatty-acid transport. Commercial claims are often overstated, but specific forms have clinical evidence for neuropathy, peripheral artery disease, muscle recovery, male infertility, and post-MI cardiac outcomes.

Every Cell Makes It. Every Major Disease Depletes It. Oral Supplementation Below 1% Bioavailability in Standard Form. IV Delivery With Documented Fatalities. A Billion-Dollar Skin Whitening Industry Built on Mixed Evidence. The Precursor Strategy That Outperforms the Molecule Itself.

Compounded MIC/B-12 lipotropic formulation that varies by pharmacy and is widely sold through weight-loss clinics. Evidence is strongest at the component level, especially inositol in PCOS/insulin resistance and injectable B12 for deficiency; weight-loss claims for the full blend remain weak.

⚠ NAMING COLLISION: 'Lipo-C' is used for TWO completely different products — this chapter covers the compounded MIC+L-Carnitine+B-vitamins lipotropic injection. Liposomal Vitamin C (a separate oral supplement also called 'Lipo-C') is covered in a separate chapter. Read Section 1 before proceeding. Lipo-B Extended: Adds L-Carnitine, Thiamine (B1), and Dexpanthenol (B5) to the Lipo-B MIC+B12 base. Zero RCTs for the combination. L-Carnitine Injectable Dose is 100-200x Below Oral Therapeutic Doses. Mechanistically Coherent. Clinically Unproven.

The World's First Approved Dual GCG/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist. NMPA-Approved in China June 2025 for Obesity. Second NMPA Approval September 2025 for T2D. Phase 3 T2D Data Published Back-to-Back in Nature December 2025. Originally Eli Lilly's LY3305677 — Licensed to Innovent Biologics for China Development. No FDA Submission as of Mid-2026. The Drug That Is Simultaneously Approved, Unavailable, and a Research Chemical Depending on Where You Are.

MIC injection tradition originates from lipotropic injection protocols developed in bariatric and weight loss medicine

The TAME Trial: The First FDA-Recognized Study to Use 'Aging' as a Drug Indication. The Bannister Study: Diabetics on Metformin Outlive Non-Diabetics. The 2024 Cell Primate Paper: 6.1-Year Brain Aging Regression. The Exercise Controversy: Metformin Blunts the Mitochondrial Benefits of Training. B12 Depletion: The Most Important Long-Term Safety Issue. Metformin vs Rapamycin: The Same mTOR Pathway, Different Entry Points. Who Benefits Most. Who Shouldn't Use It.

Mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for AMPK signaling, metabolic stress resilience, and exercise-mimetic pathways.

First Signaling Peptides Derived from the Mitochondrial Genome

28.7% Weight Loss in Phase 3. The Most Effective Weight Loss Drug Ever Trialed. Not Approved. Not Available by Prescription. The Community Is Already Using It. And It Is Not the Same Drug as Tirzepatide.

The Drug That Extended Rat Lifespan in 1988 and Still Fascinates the Longevity Community. Irreversible MAO-B Inhibitor. Dopamine Preservation. BDNF Upregulation. The DATATOP Trial: Symptomatic Effect, Not Neuroprotection — The Distinction That Matters. The Amphetamine Metabolites: L-Enantiomers Only — What That Means Clinically. Low-Dose Community Protocols (1-5 mg Every Few Days). Why High-Dose Loses MAO-B Selectivity and What Happens Then. Selegiline vs Rasagiline. The Cheese Reaction: When It Applies and When It Doesn't.

The Metabolically Active Member of a Six-Peptide Family From the Same Mitochondrial Gene as Humanin. A Receptor Has Been Found. An Obesity Protection Mechanism Has Been Identified. Lower Levels Are Associated With Prostate Cancer Risk. No Human Trial Has Been Run.

Every Other MDP in this reference Keeps Cells Alive. SHLP6 Tells Them to Die. This May Be Exactly the Point — and the Most Underappreciated Mechanism in the Entire Mitochondrial Peptide Family.

Synthetic small-molecule ERRα/β/γ agonist with large endurance gains in mice, zero human trials, and WADA prohibition ahead of human efficacy data.

SS-31's Sister Compound. Targets the Same Mitochondrial Membrane. Cannot Scavenge Free Radicals. Works Anyway. Which Proves Something Important About How SS-31 Actually Works.

The Only FDA-Approved Mitochondrial Therapeutic. Most Clinical Trials Failed. The Basic Science Is Compelling. All Three of These Things Are True Simultaneously.

The Glucagon Rehabilitation Story. Phase 2 MASH (NEJM July 2024): 62% MASH Resolution vs 14% Placebo. Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-1 (April 2026): -16.6% Weight Loss at 76 Weeks. FDA Breakthrough Therapy for MASH September 2024. LIVERAGE Phase 3 MASH Ongoing. Why Glucagon in Metabolic Disease? The GLP-1 + GCGR Advantage Over GLP-1 + GIPR for Liver Disease. The Most Important Obesity Drug for MASH Patients That Nobody in the Community Has Heard Of.