Cognition & Mood

Synthetic β-carboline heterocyclic amine with a compelling in vitro dopaminergic neuroprotective profile and zero human clinical trials. Also a MAO-A inhibitor (IC50 = 1 μM) with tyramine-reaction and serotonin-syndrome risk, plus photosensitizer concerns from UV-activated DNA damage potential.

A Structural Modification of Semax With No Published Studies of Its Own. Being Sold as 'The Most Potent Semax Analog.' Every Claim Belongs to Its Parent Compound.

Engineered EPO-derived tissue-protective peptide that activates innate repair signaling without erythropoietic red-blood-cell stimulation. Human neuropathy data exist; WADA bans it under EPO-related peptide/mimetic rules; the original developer no longer exists.

More Clinical Trial Data Than Almost Anything in this reference. Approved in Over 40 Countries. The Largest Independent RCT Failed Its Primary Endpoint. Every Major Positive Trial Has the Manufacturer's Name in the Author List. Cochrane Says: Low to Very Low Evidence.

Reported to Be 10 Million Times More Potent Than BDNF. The Foundational Mechanistic Data Is Under a Research Integrity Cloud. The Clinical Prodrug Failed Phase 2/3. The Community Uses It Anyway.

Isolated 1977. Named for Sleep. 40+ Years of Research. No Gene Found. No Specific Receptor Identified. Half-Life 15 Minutes In Vitro — Yet Produces Multi-Night Effects. Studied for Sleep, Stress, Alcohol Withdrawal, Opiate Withdrawal, Neuroprotection, and Longevity. The Most Mechanistically Mysterious Compound in this reference.

40 Years of Research From One Lab. The Most Cited Telomere Peptide in the Longevity Space. The First Independent Replication Was Published in 2025.

Found in Surviving Brain Cells of an Alzheimer's Patient. Encoded in Mitochondrial DNA. Higher in Centenarians' Children. Inversely Correlated With IGF-1. The GH Axis the Community Raises for Anti-Aging Suppresses It.

The Drug That Reversed Brain Aging in Mice. Discovered by Phenotypic Screen. Target Unknown for 7 Years. ATP Synthase: The Unexpected Bridge Between Alzheimer's and Aging. BDNF Induction. AMPK/mTOR via a Completely Novel Entry Point. Phase 1 Human Safety Trial Completed (NCT03838185). The Compound That Is Structurally Related to Curcumin But Pharmacologically Nothing Like It.

Four Organ-Specific Bioregulators from the Russian Khavinson Research Tradition. The Theory That Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression in a Tissue-Specific Way. Cortexin: A Russian-Approved Neuroprotective Extract with Multi-Receptor Activity. CardioCytogen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg): The Cardiac Fibroblast Modulator. Crystagen: Connective Tissue and Cartilage Bioregulator. Bronchogen: Pulmonary Bioregulator Tetrapeptide. The Shared Evidence Architecture That Applies to All Four.

40+ Years of Russian Research. 500+ Publications. One Institution. The Most Concentrated Single-Lab Provenance of Any Compound Class in this reference. Vladimir Khavinson (1946-2024) and the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. The Epigenetic Chromatin Mechanism. The Cytomax vs Cytogen Distinction. The 6-to-8-Year Mortality Study. The 2025 Independent Replication That Changed the Evidence Conversation. 14 Organ-Specific Bioregulators — Their Sequences, Targets, Evidence, and Protocols.

Amino-acid-derived quaternary ammonium compound involved in mitochondrial fatty-acid transport. Commercial claims are often overstated, but specific forms have clinical evidence for neuropathy, peripheral artery disease, muscle recovery, male infertility, and post-MI cardiac outcomes.

The Soviet-Era Parkinson’s and Depression Compound Hiding in Limitless’s Catalog. A Tripeptide That Blocks Opioid Effects, Sensitizes D2 Dopamine Receptors, and Has a 5-Day Plasma Half-Life. The Research That Ceased When the Soviet Union Collapsed. What the 2010 Khan et al. Brain Activation Paper Actually Found. NOT the Same as MIF (Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor). Why “Melanocyte-Inhibiting Factor” Is a Historical Misnomer.

First Signaling Peptides Derived from the Mitochondrial Genome

Tuftsin → Selank → N-Acetyl Selank Amidate: Three Generations of Molecular Engineering. Russian-Approved Anxiolytic Without Sedation, Without Tolerance, Without Dependence. Comparable to Benzodiazepines for GAD With Psychostimulant Properties They Lack. BDNF Upregulation. Enkephalin Stabilization. The Evidence Is for Selank. NASA Is the More Stable Delivery Format Whose Equivalent Efficacy Is Chemically Logical but Clinically Unproven.

The Maximally-Modified Form of Semax, Built by the Community Rather Than a Pharmaceutical Company. What N-Acetylation Actually Does to a Peptide at the Molecular Level. What C-Terminal Amidation Actually Does. Why These Two Modifications Together Are Different from Either Alone. The Evidence Problem: Everything Below Is Extrapolated from Semax. NOT the Same as NA Selank Amidate (Adamax). Limitless Spray Format. Why Morning Dosing Is Not Optional.

FDA-Approved at 50 mg for Opioid and Alcohol Use Disorder Since 1984. Off-Label at 1.5-4.5 mg (LDN) — Two Completely Different Mechanisms at Two Completely Different Doses. TLR4 Blockade on Microglia. The Endorphin Rebound. A Lancet Rheumatology RCT in 2024. An Evidence Base Growing Faster Than Pharma Has Any Reason to Fund. The Most Favorably Tolerated Prescription Drug in Its Evidence Literature.

The Compound That Is 1,000x More Potent Than Piracetam by Weight. The Prodrug Whose Active Metabolite Is Endogenous to the Human Brain. Phase III Clinical Trials Exist — In Russian. Russian OTC Approval Since 2006 — Based on Real Trials That Western Evidence-Based Reviewers Cannot Read. Why It Is Not a Racetam Despite What Everyone Says. Cycloprolylglycine: The Metabolite That Does the Work. Enhanced Dreams as a Pharmacological Signal. The Dose Ceiling That Most Community Users Ignore.

The First Peptide Ever Synthesized (Nobel Prize 1955). FDA-Approved for Obstetric Use Since the 1950s. The 'Love Hormone' That Science Has Substantially Complicated. Intranasal Bioavailability ~2%. Trust Enhancement Replication Failures. Autism Trials: Mixed to Null. Context-Dependent Effects That Can Go Either Direction. And an OTC Nasal Spray Industry Built on Evidence That Doesn't Support What It Claims.

The 7-Amino-Acid Antidepressant That Works in 4 Days Instead of 4 Weeks. TREK-1: The Potassium Channel That Keeps You Depressed. IC50 of 0.12 nM — 333x More Potent Than Its Parent Spadin. Duration Extended to 23 Hours vs 7 Hours. Hippocampal Neurogenesis in 4 Days. The Same One French Research Group Since 2010. Zero Human Trials. A Novel Mechanism That Bypasses the Serotonin Transporter Entirely.

Short Khavinson tripeptide positioned for brain and pineal-gland bioregulation. The appeal is cognitive aging, neuroprotection, and circadian support; the limitation is that the evidence is mostly single-institution preclinical work, not human clinical validation.

Russia Approved It. The West Has Never Independently Validated It. And It Might Be the Only Anxiolytic That Doesn't Make You Stupid.

The Drug That Extended Rat Lifespan in 1988 and Still Fascinates the Longevity Community. Irreversible MAO-B Inhibitor. Dopamine Preservation. BDNF Upregulation. The DATATOP Trial: Symptomatic Effect, Not Neuroprotection — The Distinction That Matters. The Amphetamine Metabolites: L-Enantiomers Only — What That Means Clinically. Low-Dose Community Protocols (1-5 mg Every Few Days). Why High-Dose Loses MAO-B Selectivity and What Happens Then. Selegiline vs Rasagiline. The Cheese Reaction: When It Applies and When It Doesn't.

Russia Uses It for Stroke. The West Uses It for Morning Focus. The Evidence Is Strong for One of Those. Guess Which.

The Metabolically Active Member of a Six-Peptide Family From the Same Mitochondrial Gene as Humanin. A Receptor Has Been Found. An Obesity Protection Mechanism Has Been Identified. Lower Levels Are Associated With Prostate Cancer Risk. No Human Trial Has Been Run.

Every Other MDP in this reference Keeps Cells Alive. SHLP6 Tells Them to Die. This May Be Exactly the Point — and the Most Underappreciated Mechanism in the Entire Mitochondrial Peptide Family.

SS-31's Sister Compound. Targets the Same Mitochondrial Membrane. Cannot Scavenge Free Radicals. Works Anyway. Which Proves Something Important About How SS-31 Actually Works.

The Only FDA-Approved Mitochondrial Therapeutic. Most Clinical Trials Failed. The Basic Science Is Compelling. All Three of These Things Are True Simultaneously.

Ketamine Without the Dissociation. Oral Once-Daily. AMPA Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulation: The Glutamate Pathway to Antidepressant Effect. Phase 2 SAVITRI (Psych Congress September 2025): Statistically Significant Improvements in Depression Severity. No Body Sway. No Subjective Drug Effects. No Dissociation. No Abuse Liability. Takeda Licensed to Neurocrine Biosciences. Phase 3 Development Horizon 2026-2027.

Oral small-molecule triple monoamine reuptake inhibitor originally developed for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, with weight loss discovered as an incidental finding. Phase 2b data showed large weight-loss signal alongside the same heart-rate liability that limited earlier sympathomimetic obesity drugs.

The Most Physiologically Broad Compound in this reference. 28 Amino Acids. Every System in the Body. VPAC1 and VPAC2. The 90-Second Half-Life Problem That Blocked IV Use. How Intranasal Administration Changed Everything. Dr. Shoemaker's CIRS Protocol: 300+ Physicians, 90%+ Symptom Reduction. The Long-COVID Connection. Aviptadil COVID ARDS Trials. The Mast Cell / MCAS Intersection. Why the Community Uses It and What the Evidence Actually Shows.